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“For the maintenance of the public force, and for administrative expenses, a general tax is indispensable; it must be equally distributed among all citizens, in proportion to their ability to pay” (Article 13 of the French Declaration of Human and Civil Rights of 26 August 1789). Together with equal...

Housing taxation is a complex mix of taxes and tax incentives, inherited from a long history and incomplete integration into public housing policy. Representing revenue of around €92 billion in 2022, or around 3.5% of gross domestic product (GDP) according to the definition used in this report, it i...

Value Added Tax (VAT) is a general consumption tax charged directly to customers on the goods they consume or the services they use in France. The substantial changes in its budgetary and legal framework, as well as recent developments in the economic situation, marked by the health crisis, the ener...

This report attempts to draw the first fiscal lessons from a crisis that has not yet come to an end. The Covid-19 pandemic, which broke out in China at the end of 2019 before spreading to the rest of the world, continues to take its toll on economies and societies. Although it is on its way out, thi...

Almost fifteen years after publication of the Conseil des Impôts (Tax Council) report "Fiscalité et environnement" (Taxation and the Environment –2005), its successor, the Conseil des Prélèvements Obligatoires (CPO – Council of Mandatory Contributions) decided to return to the subject of environment...

Eight years after publishing a report entitled “Household Wealth” (2009), the Council of Mandatory Contributions focused its research in 2017 on the taxation of household capital. This study focuses on all taxes and social contributions levied on holdings, financial income and the transfer of elemen...

In an economic environment where capital, companies and high-skilled individuals are mobile, multinational firms are looking for tax optimisation and there is fierce tax competition between countries to attract companies, deeper European integration and the combating of tax avoidance and optimisatio...